Extracellular Vesicle-Bound Bacterial Toxin Pneumolysin Triggers Membrane Engagement and Damage Beyond Canonical Pore Formation.
Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026
Pneumolysin is a pore-forming toxin made by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium behind most childhood pneumonia. At doses too low to burst a cell outright, host cells respond by patching their membranes and shedding vesicles that carry the toxin